基于δD和δ18O的青海湖流域芨芨草水分利用来源变化研究

水分条件是限制干旱半干旱地区植物生长重要的生态因子,为了揭示青海湖流域典型生态系统下芨芨草植物的水分利用来源及其如何响应水分条件的变化,选择了自然和干旱控制条件下芨芨草植物,通过测定芨芨草植物茎水和各潜在水源(土壤水、地下水及降水)中δD、δ~(18)O组成,并利用直接比较分析法和多源混合模型计算芨芨草植物对土壤水的利用比例。研究结果表明:表层土壤水分和土壤水中δD、δ~(18)O值表征出较大波动范围,其直接受降水和蒸发作用影响,土壤蒸发线的斜率和截距明显小于大气水线斜率和截距,表明土壤水中同位素组成经历了强烈的蒸发分馏过程,而芨芨草茎水中δD、δ~(18)O值都集中分布土壤水蒸发线附近,说明芨芨草根系主要利用不同深度的土壤水。自然条件下芨芨草在生长季初期(6月)利用表层土壤水(0—10cm,45.1%),8—9月份大降水事件影响土壤含水量和同位素组成,降水入渗深度较深且芨芨草根系对土壤水分吸收的比例相差不大,表明根系在土壤含水量较高时均能吸水不同深度土壤水。在干旱控制条件下芨芨草在7月初主要利用表层土壤水(0-30cm),随着表层土壤水分的减少,根系吸收深度转向较深土壤层,而灌溉后表层土壤水分明显增加,其吸收深度又转向表层,表明芨芨草根系吸收深度能敏感地响应土壤水分的变化。另外还发现芨芨草在生长季内并未直接利用地下水。     

博斯腾湖枝角类群落结构特征及其影响因子

2010—2013年对博斯腾湖17个站位的枝角类及其影响因子进行了11次季度采样调查,阐述了枝角类群落结构特征及其演替动态,分析了博斯腾湖枝角类物种和多样性对环境变量的响应.结果表明： 1)调查期间共鉴定枝角类14种,其中优势种3种.与历史数据比较,喜贫营养型水体的种类减少甚至消失,喜富营养型水体的种类逐步占据群落优势地位.2)枝角类密度时空变动较大,调查期间各站位密度变幅为0～567.0 ind·L^-1,总平均为30.0 ind·L^-1;年际变动上2011年最高(82.5 ind·L^-1),之后逐年递减;水平分布上密度差异显著,主要呈沿岸浅水区高、中心深水区低的特点.3)水温是影响枝角类群落最重要的生态因子;种类分布对水深的响应表现在长刺溞在深水区分布较多,长额象鼻溞多集中在浅水区;食物限制和食浮游动物鱼类的捕食可能是影响博斯腾湖枝角类群落结构变动的重要原因.     

Spatial distribution and species composition of prosthecate bacteria in Lake Baikal

From the water column of Lake Baikal, several strains of prosthecate bacteria belonging to the genera Caulobacter and Brevundimonas were isolated. In this article, the methods applied for their isolation and cell number determination are described; the occurrence frequency and spatial distribution of these microorganisms in the lake are demonstrated. Characterization of the species composition of cultivable and uncultivable prosthecate bacteria was carried out using the methods of traditional and molecular microbiology, respectively. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequences of uncultivable bacteria, which showed homology to the members of the alpha subclass of proteobacteria, was carried out. It was demonstrated that the lake water column is inhabited by uncultivable alpha-proteobacteria of uncertain phylogenetic affinity, in addition to representatives of the species Caulobacter vibrioides and C. leidyi, which were detected by traditional microbiological methods.     

Lake Baikal climatic record between 310 and 50 ky BP: Interplay between diatoms, watershed weathering and orbital forcing

The environmental record from Lake Baikal, Russia, from 310 to 50 ky BP (MIS 9a to MIS 3) was interpreted using rock magnetic, UV–Vis spectral, mineralogical, and diatom analyses. The age model was based on a correlation of the diatom and chemical weathering records and the summer insolation curve at 55°N and checked against an age model based on the proxy of relative palaeointensity of the Earth's magnetic field. Peaks in chemical weathering within the watershed, inferred from maximum concentration of magnetic and coloured minerals and mica, the lowest mean Fe oxidation state in silicates and highs in expandable clay minerals correlated with the Northern Hemisphere summer insolation minima at 55°N. Reconstructed changes in weathering intensity are better correlated to insolation patterns than to global ice volume records. We propose a scheme of yet missing palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the diatom assemblage, including also some extinct species. Aulacoseira baicalensis and Aulacoseira skvortzowii were abundant in the early stages of lake flora recovery immediately after deglaciation and during MIS 7e and MIS 5e; periods of more pronounced continental climate and peak chemical weathering. Stephanodiscus formosus var. minor, Cyclotella minuta and Cyclotella ornata dominated in intervals of decreased seasonality and decreased humidity at the end of most interglacial/interstadial diatom zones. Stephanodiscus grandis, Stephanodiscus carconeiformis and Stephanodiscus formosus were ubiquitous between MIS 8 and MIS 5, an interval marked by high seasonality, i.e., large differences between winter and summer insolation, and low humidity revealed by a low hydrolysis of expandable clay minerals in the watershed. Diatom concentrations peaked in the climatic optima of MIS 7e and MIS 5e and in the short periods marked by shifts to warmer conditions in the upper sections of MIS 5: MIS 5c (103–99 ky BP), MIS 5b (90–88 ky BP), and MIS 5a (84–79 ky BP) in which increased humidity resulted in enhanced hydrolysis of clay minerals. No such short similar climatic optimums were found from MIS 9a to MIS 6. Sharp climate deteriorations recorded in the diatom and clay mineral records at 107, 94, and 87 ky BP, however, occurred within 1–2 ky of cold extremes in North Atlantic sea surface temperature emphasizing the strong teleconnections between the two localities.     

Isotopic evolution of Glacial Lake Agassiz: New insights from cellulose and porewater isotopic archives

Significantly differing estimates of the oxygen-isotope composition of Lake Agassiz have been obtained from two co-existing isotopic archives within a sediment core originating from Montcalm, Manitoba, in the southern basin of the ancient proglacial lake. Oxygen-isotope analysis of cellulose extracted from the sediments, which originated during the Lockhart phase ∼ 11,700-11,000 ¹⁴C yr BP, suggests that phytoplankton lived in surface waters having δ¹⁸O around − 18 ± 1‰ VSMOW, substantially enriched relative to connate porewaters in the same core, which indicate bottom waters had much lower values of around − 24.5 ± 0.5‰ VSMOW. This difference may be attributable to seasonal isotopic stratification of the upper part of the water column in the 250 m-deep lake. Modern observations from analogous environments in northern Canada suggest that inflow of evaporatively enriched runoff from the large area of deglaciated terrain contributing to Lake Agassiz, possibly enhanced by evaporation from the surface of the lake itself, could readily account for sufficient seasonal ¹⁸O enrichment in the epilimnion. Sediment porewaters, in contrast, have preserved the isotopic signature of hypolimnion waters supplied by a mixture of glacial meltwater and precipitation-derived runoff from the Laurentide Ice Sheet, and lack discernable isotopic alteration by evaporation. These new estimates are combined with inferred lake water compositions from other isotopic archives to develop a speculative framework for the isotopic evolution of the lake, providing improved constraints on the probable isotopic composition of Lake Agassiz outflow over time, which has important implications for efforts to trace and model its changing discharge.     

Abandonment chronology of glacial Lake Agassiz's Northwestern outlet

Spillway scour lakes and basins in northwestern Saskatchewan were cored to determine when the spillways were abandoned. The cores contained the target contact of organic muck (gyttja) overlying inorganic sand or silty-clay rhythmites. New AMS radiocarbon dates on terrestrial macrofossils, in conjunction with previously published and unpublished data from the area, indicate that the spillways were abandoned between 9.07 and 9.59 ¹⁴C kyr BP (10,220-10,810 cal yr BP). Of great interest is whether the channels are associated with northwestern drainage from glacial Lake Agassiz. The radiocarbon ages recording spillway abandonment are consistent with previous work, which claims that overflow through the northwestern outlet ended ∼ 9.5 ¹⁴C kyr BP (10,700 cal yr BP); this is consistent with shifting drainage to the southern outlet at this time. The scarcity of dates from the northwestern outlets and other outlets of Lake Agassiz underscores the need to establish a tighter chronological control on outlet switching before outburst flooding from Lake Agassiz can be assumed to be the trigger for abrupt climate change.     

High- and low-latitude forcing of Plio-Pleistocene East African climate and human evolution

The late Cenozoic climate of East Africa is punctuated by episodes of short, alternating periods of extreme wetness and aridity, superimposed on a regime of subdued moisture availability exhibiting a long-term drying trend. These periods of extreme climate variability appear to correlate with maxima in the 400-thousand-year (kyr) component of the Earth's eccentricity cycle. Prior to 2.7 Ma the wet phases appear every 400 kyrs, whereas after 2.7 Ma, the wet phases appear every 800 kyrs, with periods of precessional-forced extreme climate variability at 2.7-2.5 Ma, 1.9-1.7 Ma, and 1.1-0.9 Ma before present. The last three major lake phases occur at the times of major global climatic transitions, such as the onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (2.7-2.5 Ma), intensification of the Walker Circulation (1.9-1.7 Ma), and the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution (1.0-0.7 Ma). High-latitude forcing is required to compress the Intertropical Convergence Zone so that East Africa becomes locally sensitive to precessional forcing, resulting in rapid shifts from wet to dry conditions. These periods of extreme climate variability may have provided a catalyst for evolutionary change and driven key speciation and dispersal events amongst mammals and hominins in East Africa.     

Management-Induced Reproductive Failure and Breeding Dispersal in Double-Crested Cormorants on Lake Champlain

ABSTRACT We studied breeding dispersal of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) associated with management practices that suppressed their reproduction on Lake Champlain in the northeastern United States. We implemented an experiment on one colony by spraying corn oil on cormorant eggs in portions of the colony and leaving other portions untreated. Gulls (Larus spp.) consumed cormorant eggs during the oiling process, but we reduced and then eliminated predation levels after the first year of the study. We used mark-recapture techniques within the experimental framework to measure rates of breeding dispersal for cormorants from the experimental colony and an unmanaged colony in Lake Champlain. Egg oiling increased the movement rate to the unmanaged colony by 3% during the year with no egg predation by gulls. When gulls depredated cormorant eggs at high rates during egg oiling, movement to the unmanaged colony increased by 20%. When cormorants are managed to reduce population sizes, methods that limit dispersal away from the managed colony may be most effective. Such methods would mitigate effects to nontarget populations and allow for a greater portion of the metapopulation to be managed.     

Sandhill Crane Abundance and Nesting Ecology at Grays Lake,Idaho

Abstract: We examined population size and factors influencing nest survival of greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) at Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Idaho, USA, during 1997–2000. Average local population of cranes from late April to early May, 1998–2000, was 735 cranes, 34% higher than that reported for May 1970–1971. We estimated 228 (SE = 30) nests in the basin core (excluding renests), 14% higher than a 1971 estimate. Apparent nest success in our study (x̄ = 60%, n = 519 nests) was lower than reported for Grays Lake 30–50 years earlier. Daily survival rates (DSRs) of all nests averaged 0.9707 (41.2%). The best model explaining nest survival included year and water depth and their interaction. Nest survival was highest (DSR = 0.9827) in 1998 compared with other years (0.9698-0.9707). Nest survival changed little relative to water depth in 1998, when flooding was extensive and alternative prey (microtines) irrupted, but declined markedly with lower water levels in 2000, the driest year studied. Hypotheses relating nest survival to vegetation height, land use (idle, summer grazing, fall grazing), and date were not supported. In a before-after-control-impact design using 12 experimental fields, nest survival differed among years but not among management treatments (idle, fall graze, fall burn, and summer—graze—idle rotation), nor was there an interaction between year and treatments. However, DSRs in fall-burn fields declined from 0.9781 in 1997–1998 to 0.9503 in 1999–2000 (posttreatment). Changes in the predator community have likely contributed to declines in nest success since the 1950s and 1970s. Our results did not support earlier concerns about effects of habitat management practices on crane productivity. Nest survival could best be enhanced by managing spring water levels. Managers should continue censuses during late April to evaluate long-term relationships to habitat conditions and management.     

Diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria from an extreme hypersaline sediment, Great Salt Lake (Utah)

The diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) inhabiting the extreme hypersaline sediment (270 g L(-1) NaCl) of the northern arm of Great Salt Lake was studied by integrating cultivation and genotypic identification approaches involving PCR-based retrieval of 16S rRNA and dsrAB genes, the latter encoding major subunits of dissimilatory (bi) sulfite reductase. The majority (85%) of dsrAB sequences retrieved directly from the sediment formed a lineage of high (micro) diversity affiliated with the genus Desulfohalobium, while others represented novel lineages within the families Desulfohalobiaceae and Desulfobacteraceae or among Gram-positive SRB. Using the same sediment, SRB enrichment cultures were established in parallel at 100 and at 190 g L(-1) NaCl using different electron donors. After 5-6 transfers, dsrAB and 16S rRNA gene-based profiling of these enrichment cultures recovered a SRB community composition congruent with the cultivation-independent profiling of the sediment. Pure culture representatives of the predominant Desulfohalobium-related lineage and of one of the Desulfobacteraceae-affilated lineages were successfully obtained. The growth performance of these isolates and of the enrichment cultures suggests that the sediment SRB community of the northern arm of Great Salt Lake consists of moderate halophiles, which are salt-stressed at the in situ salinity of 27%.